As long as the purity of the sounds is preserved, the recitation of the mantras will be efficacious, irrespective of whether their discursive meaning is understood by human beings. [103], Some academics suggest that Hinduism can be seen as a category with "fuzzy edges" rather than as a well-defined and rigid entity. The tow truck the neighbor threatened me with never came. [433] Some monastics live in monasteries, while others wander from place to place, depending on donated food and charity for their needs. [300] The rituals vary greatly among regions, villages, and individuals. [85] The Vaidika dharma or "Vedic way of life", states Lipner, does not mean "Hinduism is necessarily religious" or that Hindus have a universally accepted "conventional or institutional meaning" for that term. [36] Hinduism's tolerance to variations in belief and its broad range of traditions make it difficult to define as a religion according to traditional Western conceptions. [206] The goal of life, according to the Advaita school, is to realise that one's soul is identical to supreme soul, that the supreme soul is present in everything and everyone, all life is interconnected and there is oneness in all life. The festivals typically celebrate events from Hinduism, connoting spiritual themes and celebrating aspects of human relationships such as the Sister-Brother bond over the Raksha Bandhan (or Bhai Dooj) festival. Surveys studying food habits of Indians include: Blackwell's History of India; Stein 2010, page 107, Some Aspects of Muslim Administration, Dr. R.P.Tripathi, 1956, p.24, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSharma2012 (, Relationship between religion and science, "Did the Hindus have a name for their own religion? We also offer a full selection of Blue Buffalo dog food at an affordable price. [64][65] Since the 1990s, those influences and its outcomes have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism,[64][note 12] and have also been taken over by critics of the Western view on India. [264] The Smarta tradition developed during the (early) Classical Period of Hinduism around the beginning of the Common Era, when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions. The Sanskrit word dharma has a much broader meaning than religion and is not its equivalent. Inquirer Store / Find a Home / Job Listings / [85], Beginning in the 19th century, Indian modernists re-asserted Hinduism as a major asset of Indian civilisation,[65] meanwhile "purifying" Hinduism from its Tantric elements[91] and elevating the Vedic elements. [382], In whatever way a Hindu defines the goal of life, there are several methods (yogas) that sages have taught for reaching that goal. "[123], The notion of common denominators for several religions and traditions of India further developed from the 12th century CE. [web 25]. [205] According to the monistic/pantheistic (non-dualist) theologies of Hinduism (such as Advaita Vedanta school), this Atman is indistinct from Brahman, the supreme spirit. [408], Some Hindus such as those belonging to the Shaktism tradition,[409] and Hindus in regions such as Bali and Nepal[410][411] practise animal sacrifice. Nearby Old Lady: “She asked nicely three times, you oblivious ignoramus! When I was about eight years old, I was having a sleepover with my best friend. [246] Doubt plays a repeated role in the Mahabharata. Even your friends know you’re making a t**t of yourself. [42][43], The word Hindū is derived from Indo-Aryan[44]/Sanskrit[45] root Sindhu. His mates are watching and one is shaking his head. Who really knows?Who will here proclaim it? I have trouble coming in and out of the lot because of you; youâre blocking the path!â, Me: âNo, I’m not. [web 5] Some in the Mimamsa school of Hindu philosophy considered the Agamas such as the Pancaratrika to be invalid because it did not conform to the Vedas. [web 7] However, adds Sanderson, this Shaiva ascetic tradition viewed themselves as being genuinely true to the Vedic tradition and "held unanimously that the Śruti and Smṛti of Brahmanism are universally and uniquely valid in their own sphere, [...] and that as such they [Vedas] are man's sole means of valid knowledge [...]". We ate dinner, then went and played until we went to bed. My kids are coming over and they need a place to park.â, Me: âWait, what? Based on this idea Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi has developed a 'Prototype Theory approach' to the definition of Hinduism.[104]. [171][172] In Hinduism, kama is considered an essential and healthy goal of human life when pursued without sacrificing dharma, artha and moksha. [36], Currently, the four largest denominations of Hinduism are Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism. At around midnight, I woke up with my mouth full of bleeding blisters. [402] Food affects body, mind and spirit in Hindu beliefs. The Bhagavad Gītā links the varṇa to an individual's duty (svadharma), inborn nature (svabhāva), and natural tendencies (guṇa). [53] The Arabic term al-Hind referred to the people who live across the River Indus. [301], Vedic rituals of fire-oblation (yajna) and chanting of Vedic hymns are observed on special occasions, such as a Hindu wedding. The early Nyaya school of Hinduism, for example, was non-theist/atheist,[232] but later Nyaya school scholars argued that God exists and offered proofs using its theory of logic. [146] He states that the shared theology, common ritual grammar and way of life of those who identify themselves as Hindus is traceable to ancient times. Some forms of religious expression are central to Hinduism and others, while not as central, still remain within the category. [286][149] Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan states that the Upanishads have played a dominating role ever since their appearance. [52] The term Hindu in these ancient records is a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. He’s stupefied. It has thus been called the "oldest religion" in the world. Raja Rammohan Roy is known as the father of the Hindu Renaissance. Hindu modernists like Vivekananda see the Vedas as the laws of the spiritual world, which would still exist even if they were not revealed to the sages. [80][81] Hindus regard Hinduism to be thousands of years old. [181][179][183] Moksha in these schools of Hinduism, suggests Klaus Klostermaier,[180] implies a setting free of hitherto fettered faculties, a removing of obstacles to an unrestricted life, permitting a person to be more truly a person in the full sense; the concept presumes an unused human potential of creativity, compassion and understanding which had been blocked and shut out. This is the best tl;dr I could make, original reduced by 61%. Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). [245], Authority and eternal truths play an important role in Hinduism. [note 20], Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include (but are not restricted to) Dharma (ethics/duties), saṃsāra (the continuing cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth), Karma (action, intent, and consequences), Moksha (liberation from saṃsāra or liberation in this life), and the various yogas (paths or practices). [5][85][note 14], Some have referred to Hinduism as the Vaidika dharma. It appears they were booted out of their building. [340][341] [362][363] It may mark a special occasion, such as the birth of a baby, or as part of a rite of passage such as a baby's first haircut, or after healing from a sickness. The Vedic view does not see this competition, rather sees a unifying divinity that connects everyone and everything. [259] Avatars are uncommon, and some Shaivas visualize god as half male, half female, as a fusion of the male and female principles (Ardhanarishvara). [358][353] Kumbhamela is another major pilgrimage on the eve of the solar festival Makar Sankranti. [330][331][223] [474] Between 200,000 and one million people, including both Muslims and Hindus, were killed during the Partition of India. Estimates of strict lacto vegetarians in India (includes adherents of all religions) who never eat any meat, fish or eggs vary between 20% and 42%, while others are either less strict vegetarians or non-vegetarians. [475] In modern times, Hindus faces discrimination in the many parts of the world and also faces persecution in many nations, especially in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Fiji and others. Neighbor: âIs your car parked at the entrance?â, Neighbor: âYeah, something’s wrong. [129] Hacker called this "inclusivism"[116] and Michaels speaks of "the identificatory habit". [57] It was only towards the end of the 18th century that European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus. Morning came around and my mom came to pick me up. There was no phone, no TV, no anything â just me, some vegetables, and a ⦠[37] Sources of authority and eternal truths in the Hindu texts play an important role, but there is also a strong Hindu tradition of questioning authority in order to deepen the understanding of these truths and to further develop the tradition. [316][317], Bhakti is practiced in a number of ways, ranging from reciting mantras, japas (incantations), to individual private prayers in one's home shrine,[318] or in a temple before a murti or sacred image of a deity. The owner was furious. [359] This is one of world's largest mass pilgrimage, with an estimated 40 to 100 million people attending the event. These occurred in the form of forced conversions,[464][465] documented massacres,[466][467][468] and demolition and desecration of temples. Food / Life / Opinion / Archives / Special Reports; About Us. He stops, taking her in. [10][11] According to Arvind Sharma, the historical evidence suggests that "the Hindus were referring to their religion by the term vaidika dharma or a variant thereof" by the 4th-century CE. Moderates then, and most orthoprax scholars later, agreed that though there are some variations, the foundation of their beliefs, the ritual grammar, the spiritual premises, and the soteriologies were the same. Yoga is means, and the four major marga (paths) of Hinduism are: Bhakti Yoga (the path of love and devotion), Karma Yoga (the path of right action), Rāja Yoga (the path of meditation), and Jñāna Yoga (the path of wisdom)[384] An individual may prefer one or some yogas over others, according to his or her inclination and understanding. [161] The concept of dharma includes behaviors that are considered to be in accord with rta, the order that makes life and universe possible,[162] and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living". It is inclusive of political life, diplomacy, and material well-being. Since the 19th-century Indian modernists have re-asserted the 'Aryan origins' of Hinduism, "purifying" Hinduism from its Tantric elements[91] and elevating the Vedic elements. [74] According to Michaels, one out of nine Hindu belongs by birth to one or both of the Brahmanic-Sanskritic Hinduism and Folk religion typology, whether practicing or non-practicing. [77], Inden states that the attempt to classify Hinduism by typology started in the imperial times, when proselytizing missionaries and colonial officials sought to understand and portray Hinduism from their interests. [214][217][218], The Hindu scriptures name celestial entities called Devas (or Devī in feminine form), which may be translated into English as gods or heavenly beings. [248][269] This Hindu sect practices a philosophical Jnana yoga, scriptural studies, reflection, meditative path seeking an understanding of Self's oneness with God. [374], Hindu society has been categorised into four classes, called varṇas. In the goddess-based Shaktism tradition, avatars of the Devi are found and all goddesses are considered to be different aspects of the same metaphysical Brahman[228] and Shakti (energy). [427] The four ashramas are: Brahmacharya (student), Grihastha (householder), Vanaprastha (retired) and Sannyasa (renunciation). The period from roughly 650 to 1100 CE forms the late Classical period[13] or early Middle Ages, in which classical Puranic Hinduism is established, and Adi Shankara's influential consolidation of Advaita Vedanta. Just a reminder, she was saying this to a crying eight-year-old child who was dry-heaving over the toilet, bleeding from the mouth. All of the parking spots are rented and taken except for two spots at the side of the entrance to the lot; all of the building agreed that those two parts are free parking for people who LIVE IN THE BUILDING and don’t have rented spots, like children that get cars and can’t park where their parents park. Through my blistered mouth, I told her what happened. [62] Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life". [274] They are the two highest sources of dharma, the other two being Śiṣṭa Āchāra/Sadāchara (conduct of noble people) and finally Ātma tuṣṭi ("what is pleasing to oneself")[note 25]. [45][46] The Proto-Iranian sound change *s > h occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola. R Prasad (2009), A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, Concept Publishing. They give me blisters all over my mouth and make me violently ill for about two days after eating them. [412] In contrast, the Vaishnava Hindus abhor and vigorously oppose animal sacrifice. The Nasadiya Sukta (Creation Hymn) of the Rig Veda is one of the earliest texts[200] which "demonstrates a sense of metaphysical speculation" about what created the universe, the concept of god(s) and The One, and whether even The One knows how the universe came into being. Shaktism is also associated with Tantra practices. [153] And there are assumptions of political dominence of Hindu nationalism in India, also known as 'Neo-Hindutva'. They hope to obtain another. The epics consist of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. [99] This globalization of Hindu culture brought "to the West teachings which have become an important cultural force in western societies, and which in turn have become an important cultural force in India, their place of origin". Scholars like Adi Sankara affirm that not only is Brahman beyond all varṇas, the man who is identified with Him also transcends the distinctions and limitations of caste. [248][249] These denominations differ primarily in the central deity worshipped, the traditions and the soteriological outlook. "[note 26] In the Brahmanical perspective, the sounds have their own meaning, mantras are considered as "primordial rhythms of creation", preceding the forms to which they refer. [371][372] The proper procedure for a pilgrimage is widely discussed in Hindu texts. [381] According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Vaishnavism tradition is the largest group with about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus, followed by Shaivism with 252 million or 26.6%, Shaktism with 30 million or 3.2% and other traditions including Neo-Hinduism and Reform Hinduism with 25 million or 2.6%. Hinduism, to them, is a tradition that can be traced at least to the ancient Vedic era. [391] The term ahiṃsā appears in the Upanishads,[392] the epic Mahabharata[393] and ahiṃsā is the first of the five Yamas (vows of self-restraint) in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. [483][484] The debate on proselytization and religious conversion between Christianity, Islam and Hinduism is more recent, and started in the 19th century. [98] It has developed partly due to "re-enculturation",[99] or the Pizza effect,[99] in which elements of Hindu culture have been exported to the West, gaining popularity there, and as a consequence also gained greater popularity in India. [248] Community celebrations include festivals, and participation, with Vaishnavas, in pilgrimages such as the Kumbh Mela. These militaristic traditions include Ramaism (the worship of a hero of epic literature, Rama, believing him to be an incarnation of Vishnu)[75] and parts of political Hinduism. The wish of European Orientalists "to establish a textual basis for Hinduism", akin to the Protestant culture, [T]he identification of Vedanta, more specifically, According to Niranjan Dhar's theory that Vedanta was favored because British feared French influence, especially the impact of the. [web 5] This complex tradition accepted in its identity almost all of what is currently Hinduism, except certain antinomian tantric movements. The "One Truth" of Vedic literature, in modern era scholarship, has been interpreted as monotheism, monism, as well as a deified Hidden Principles behind the great happenings and processes of nature. [420][421] The layout, the motifs, the plan and the building process recite ancient rituals, geometric symbolisms, and reflect beliefs and values innate within various schools of Hinduism. [305][309] The list of sanskaras in Hinduism include both external rituals such as those marking a baby's birth and a baby's name giving ceremony, as well as inner rites of resolutions and ethics such as compassion towards all living beings and positive attitude. [321] While many visit a temple on special occasions, most offer daily prayers at a domestic altar, typically a dedicated part of the home that includes sacred images of deities or gurus. [59][60][61] According to Doniger, "ideas about all the major issues of faith and lifestyle – vegetarianism, nonviolence, belief in rebirth, even caste – are subjects of debate, not dogma."[51]. [430][431] The Sannyasa stage marks renunciation and a state of disinterest and detachment from material life, generally without any meaningful property or home (ascetic state), and focused on Moksha, peace and simple spiritual life. The controversy started as an intense polemic battle between Christian missionaries and Muslim organizations in the first half of the 19th century, where missionaries such as, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRichard_King1999 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFViswanathan2003 (. [189][190] This cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth is called saṃsāra. [376] The Manusmṛiti categorises the different castes. [250] The denominations of Hinduism, states Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals practicing more than one, and he suggests the term "Hindu polycentrism". [146][note 19], The Hindutva movement has extensively argued for the unity of Hinduism, dismissing the differences and regarding India as a Hindu-country since ancient times. [359][360][web 18] At this event, they say a prayer to the sun and bathe in the river,[359] a tradition attributed to Adi Shankara. [296] In Agamic schools of Hinduism, the Vedic literature and the Agamas are equally authoritative. [398] Some avoid meat on specific festivals or occasions. A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. [178], The meaning of moksha differs among the various Hindu schools of thought. Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult. [340] Some festivals are found only regionally and they celebrate local traditions, while a few such as Holi and Diwali are pan-Hindu. [78], To its adherents, Hinduism is a traditional way of life. Paul Horsch (Translated by Jarrod Whitaker). [461] In modern days, the Ghar Wapsi (or reconversion) of Muslims and Christians back to Hinduism has also been criticised and called an act of Hindutva dominance, especially in India. [48][45][note 9] According to Gavin Flood, "The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)",[45] more specifically in the 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I (550–486 BCE). [9] The word 'Vaidika' in Sanskrit means 'derived from or conformable to the Veda' or 'relating to the Veda'. A release from this eschatological cycle, in after life, particularly in theistic schools of Hinduism is called moksha. [227] The avatars of Vishnu are important in Vaishnavism theology. Before sharing sensitive information online, make sure youâre on a .gov or .mil site by inspecting your browserâs address (or âlocationâ) bar. The Epic and Early Puranic period, from c. 200 BCE to 500 CE, saw the classical "Golden Age" of Hinduism (c. 320-650 CE), which coincides with the Gupta Empire. [33] This Hindu synthesis emerged after the Vedic period, between c. 500[34]–200[35] BCE and c. 300 CE,[34] in the period of the Second Urbanisation and the early classical period of Hinduism, when the Epics and the first Purānas were composed. “Erm, I’m sorry, but could I just get past, please?”, “Listen, you stupid b****, men are talking. Flowers, birds, animals, instruments, symmetric mandala drawings, objects, idols are all part of symbolic iconography in Hinduism. This soul – the spirit or true "self" of every person, is called the ātman. Agama Hindu Bali in the Making – Hinduism in Bali, Indonesia, "Latest issue of 'The Journal of Hindu Studies", "Latest issue of the 'International Journal of Hindu Studies, "Latest issue of 'The Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies, "Latest issue of 'The Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies, "International Journal of Dharma Studies", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism&oldid=1023699294, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Pages incorrectly using the quote template, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, IXth European Conference on Modern Asian Studies in. "[304] Instead, as Klostermaier notes, in their application in Vedic rituals they become magical sounds, "means to an end. [201][202] The Rig Veda praises various deities, none superior nor inferior, in a henotheistic manner. McDaniel (2007) classifies Hinduism into six major kinds and numerous minor kinds, in order to understand the expression of emotions among the Hindus. [293] I’m sure he’s hearing an angelic choir. ", For instance Fowler: "probably the oldest religion in the world". [132] Michaels notes: As a counteraction to Islamic supremacy and as part of the continuing process of regionalization, two religious innovations developed in the Hindu religions: the formation of sects and a historicization which preceded later nationalism ... [S]aints and sometimes militant sect leaders, such as the Marathi poet Tukaram (1609–1649) and Ramdas (1608–1681), articulated ideas in which they glorified Hinduism and the past. She is ignored; they don’t seem to see her. [253] The adherents of this sect are generally non-ascetic, monastic, oriented towards community events and devotionalism practices inspired by "intimate loving, joyous, playful" Krishna and other Vishnu avatars. Friend: *Cheerfully* “Excuse me, please.”. He kicked the sons out of the lot and gave [Neighbor] some nasty yells. [282][283][284][285], The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought, and have profoundly influenced diverse traditions. Some devout Hindus perform daily rituals such as worshiping at dawn after bathing (usually at a family shrine, and typically includes lighting a lamp and offering foodstuffs before the images of deities), recitation from religious scripts, singing bhajans (devotional hymns), yoga, meditation, chanting mantras and others. [70], Michaels distinguishes three Hindu religions and four forms of Hindu religiosity. For both are one. According to Klaus Klostermaier, the term Vaidika dharma is the earliest self-designation of Hinduism. Funny, Instant Karma, Jerk, Non-Dialogue, Principal, ... My parents used to try and pull the âif you donât finish your food you canât get up from the tableâ trick, but Iâd say, âFine,â and sit at the table for hours until they gave in.
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