Animal research is a very controversial topic that has been generating heated arguments and debates all around the world over the past few decades. Due to a variety of factors, including the increase in nonanimal adjunct testing and the refinement of laboratory animal medicine, there are fewer animals used for many research … The use of animals for research purposes including drug testing and experiments has long been a controversial subject that has raised concerns about the welfare of animals, the significant harm that might be inflicted on them and whether the justification for such harm is acceptable. For each item, decide whether it is an example of replacement, reduction or refinement, then continue to our feedback. Reduction . These types of animal are commonly found in places with crop trees or bushy and forested areas. 2000; Pretzel et al. A revised definition of reduction is proposed, which does not include the level of information needed, as in some cases reduction in the number of animals resulting in less information or data, is still acceptable. Their mission is to use the principles of replacement, refinement and reduction to support scientific discovery, and address societal concerns about animal research. Refinement. Sharps reduction. The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) has made a major contribution. Using examples of reduction and refinement, strategies for optimizing laboratory animal welfare in general and in several specific areas of research will be discussed. Medical-scientific research aims to contribute to the improvement of health care. Final considerations. Harlow’s work also provides a classic example of how readily animal research can attract negative public sentiment and misrepresentation. Around half the diseases in the world have no treatment. Reduction involves minimising the number of animals used through efficient experiment design. Many Replacement technologies achieve greater consistency and accuracy, give rapid results and are generally less expensive than using animals. For example, instead of classify the results of serum glucose in diabetic (above 120 mg/dL) and non-diabetic (below 120 mg/dL) animals (categorical variable), the investigator should compare among the groups the means of the crude data. Refine the way experiments are carried out, to make sure animals suffer as little as possible. For example, taking repeated samples from one animal throughout a process (if this does not increase the animal’s suffering) rather than euthanising a series of animals at different stages of the process. Recently, there appears to be an overwhelming growth in animal right groups all over the world. Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research is a major challenge. 95% of animals used in research are rats and mice, 1/2% are monkeys, and only 4% are made up of other species (dogs, cats, fish, etc.) Information from animal research has been and remains fundamental to our understanding of how the systems of the body function (or malfunction) and interact in an intact organism, for example the control of the blood supply necessary for functioning of nerve cells in the brain, or how eating behaviour leads to changes in fat or sugar handling and obesity; To use the minimum number of animals in an experiment or in an overall research study. Both a means of denoising and simplification, it can be beneficial for the majority of modern biological datasets, in which it’s not uncommon to have hundreds or even millions of simultaneous measurements collected for a single sample. Since the 1980s, both the AWA and the Guide have attempted to assure oversight of animal research primarily by mandating the establishment, at each research institution, of an institutional animal care and use committee. Each laboratory ... An example of sharps reduction is replacing a regular needle used to disperse clumped cells with a blunt end/tip needle. In 1966, Henry K. Beecher published an article entitled "Ethics and Clinical Research" in the New England Journal of Medicine, which cited examples of ethically problematic human research. Animal carer: any person involved in the care of animals that are used for scientific purposes, including during their acquisition, transport, breeding, housing and husbandry. 2009). Endpoint criteria describe when it is time to do what? Animal experiments are unavoidable if we want to make the necessary progress in medical-scientific research. The current consensus is that the use of animals in research is justified only if there are clear benefits for human and animal health. IACUC Animal Certification Test 3 Reasons why a given species is particularly appropriate may include The presence of previous work in the literature that validates the use of a particular species in an animal model of a human or animal disease. Making the connections among animal studies, scientific progress, and advances in human health is the critical foundation for public understanding of why animal research is valuable. Reducing the number of animals used in an experiment can result from a change in experimental design and analysis such that the same amount of information is obtained from the study despite a reduction in the animal-level sample size (i.e., a researcher is able to provide as good, or better, an answer to his or her research question even though fewer animals are being … Performing or sponsoring research into alternatives to animal use for research and testing. In the following section, see if you can match these three principles with common ways in which they are put into practice. Thus, for example, mechanisms approaches are another way to treat the heterogeneity of explanation (including reductive and non-reductive aspects), which was largely ignored in the literature on theory reduction, which assumed that a few select examples from biological research were representative. Refinement . This reduction is more consistent and striking when comparing species. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research… Finally, there are major legal implications to … This includes better housing and improvements to procedures which minimise pain and suffering and/or improve animal welfare. There is overwhelming scientific consensus worldwide that some research using animals is still essential for medical progress.Animal research … For example, a systematic review of animal experiments conducted in publicly funded research establishments in the United Kingdom and United States revealed that only a few authors reported using randomization (13%) or blinding (14%) to avoid bias in animal selection and outcome assessment (Kilkenny et al. It was emphasized the need of improvement in animal research. Introduction. Reduction refers to any strategy that results in fewer animals being used to obtain sufficient data to answer a research question while maximizing the information obtained per animal. 2009). the Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), the Food & Environment Research Agency (Fera), the Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and the Health & Safety Executive (HSE). Examples of Reduction Computational modelling of molecular and cellular processes allows to us to reduce the numbers of animals used in research. Promoting the 3Rs in research delivers not only ethical benefits associated with avoidance of animal use and improved animal welfare, but also has great potential to deliver scientific benefits. The Three Rs (3Rs) in relation to science are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing.They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. His influential paper drew attention to common moral problems such as inadequate attention to informed consent, … Some of the species in this class climb up plants or go to shaded regions to aestivate. Good examples under Mollusca are animals in the class known as Gastropoda, which includes land snails. Through improved research or production strategies, aimed at better quality, consistency and safety, reduction in the number of animals used can be substantial. This includes both making initial discoveries ‘in silico’ and thereby reducing the involvement of animals in research until results need to be validated in a living system, and replacing the use of animals entirely. For example, developments in three-dimensional tissue modelling show promise for in vitro drug evaluation, including in anti-inflammation research (Peck and Wang 2013), and in vitro cultures of bovine and human chondrocytes and cartilage discs are already used to investigate mechanisms of cartilage destruction in RA (Neidhart et al. Refinement of research techniques to reduce discomfort, distress or pain for the animals being studied. The Three Rs of animal testing refers to the principles of replacement, reduction, … ... many of the techniques and devices are the same as those used in the animal research … Refinement not only benefits animals, but can also improve the quality of research findings by reducing the level of stress in animals. Substitutes for animal models will likely have the most immediate effect in the area of toxicity testing, because toxicity studies have very clearly defined endpoints, says Anthony Holmes, director of science and technology at the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, & Reduction of Animals in Research. The reduction in HbA 1C from 11.1% to 6.3% in 3 months is much better than would be expected with monotherapy with metformin6 or daily exercise.7 The improvement in blood pressure observed over a 4-month period with few medications is also rarely encountered in clinical practice and is likely related to a low-sodium diet and the avoidance of red meat. Reduction. Animal research can be a costly business, so lack of provision of humane conditions can also lead to major financial losses. In 2013, NC3Rs awarded over £8.2 million to 3Rs projects investigating ways to reduce the numbers of animals used in research, or to improve the welfare of those currently used. Appendix 1. Animal research raises dilemmas not only for scientists that use animals as part of their research projects, but also for society as a whole. Intervene to remove an animal from a study, sometimes by euthanizing an animal It aims to contribute to the development of new methods to … Dimensionality reduction (DR) is frequently applied during the analysis of high-dimensional data. Most of these groups don’t just support animal welfare, but they demand a ban on any kind of use of animals in research. The law mandates that each IACUC include among its members a veterinarian who will attend to the needs of the animals on site, an expert in the … This is the application of different methods to lessen suffering, pain, lasting harm that may be experienced by research animal. Understanding how the body works and how diseases progress, and finding cures, vaccines or treatments, can take many years of painstaking work using a wide range of research techniques. Transparent and accurate reporting is vital to this process; it allows readers to assess the reliability of the findings and repeat or build upon the work of other researchers. Animal ethics committee (AEC): a committee constituted in accordance with the terms of reference and membership laid down in the Code. Abstract. This potentially limits or avoids the subsequent use of additional animals although it is important that this be done without further compromising any individual animal’s lifetime welfare. The 3Rs are: Replacement: methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research; Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer … Safer sharps devices. Refinement also refers to methods used to improve animal welfare such as their housing. The current, widely established 3R framework for the ethical use of animals in research consists of three guiding principles, that is, Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, all aiming to safeguard the overarching ethical principle of animal welfare.However, animal welfare alone does not suffice to make animal research ethical if the research does not have sufficient scientific …
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