The three Rs are: Reduction, Refinement, Replacement. Animal research has had a vital role in many scientific and medical advances of the past century and continues to aid our understanding of various diseases. Reduction. The approximately 260 million people in the United States keep about 110 million dogs and cats as pets. The research community tries to mitigate some of the harms by insuring, for example, that the animals’ psychological well-being is optimized; in fact, there is a large body of psychological research that focuses on animal welfare and identifying best practices to house and care for animals in captivity. The three Rs are a set of principles that scientists are encouraged to follow in order to reduce the impact of research on animals. Replacement, reduction, and refinement (also referred to as “the three Rs”) exist as guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing and research. Reduce the number of animals used to a minimum, to obtain information from fewer animals or more information from the same number of animals. Scientists have made a lot of progress in finding ways to reduce the numbers of animals used in experiments. Key among these are the U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Animals Used in Research, Teaching and Testing.These principles articulate for all government agencies ethical standards for how animals should be treated. Researchers are routinely asked to justify the number of animals used in their studies, either by regulatory bodies, funding agencies or, increasingly, by journal editors.In accordance with the 3R's, studies should be designed to reduce the number of animals used to meet scientific objectives. Refine the way experiments are carried out, to make sure animals suffer as little as possible. All research using animals in the US, for example at universities and pharmaceutical companies, is regulated by the Animal Welfare Act (AWA), which is administered by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the US Department of Agriculture… Refinement. The animal rights movement would, however, receive from American philosopher Tom Regan (born 1938) a more uncompromising view of our duties to animals than Singer’s utilitarianism, one that would question the use of animals in research—or in any other way—altogether, regardless of the purpose of research. Proper sample size calculation is both a scientific and ethical imperative. Animals … Some companies have put substantial resources into finding alternatives. The 3Rs: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement, are important from a legal, ethical and scientific standpoint. This includes better housing and improvements to procedures which minimise pain and suffering and/or improve animal welfare. Refinement not only benefits animals, but can also improve the quality of research findings by reducing the level of stress in animals. Human beings use animals for a wide variety of purposes, including research. Reduction also includes methods which allow the information gathered per animal in an experiment to be maximised in order to reduce the use of additional animals. Further reduction may come from more thorough analysis of the findings of studies already conducted … More than 5 billion animals are killed in the United States each year as a source of food. U.S. federal laws require that non-human animal research occur to show the safety and efficacy of new treatments before any human research will be allowed to be conducted. In the context of animal research, "alternatives" include not only the replacement of animals altogether, but reduction in the number of animals used and refinement of research … IACUCs use a variety of standards documents and guidelines to assist in their evaluation of animal care and use.
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