ubricates lines of weakness, e.g. Instructions •• Use black ink or ball-point pen. joints and bedding planes. 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. Bedding planes layers of sediment that represent surfaces of exposure that occurred between depositional events. Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level *8806481706* GEOGRAPHY 9696/21 Paper 2 Advanced Physical Options October/November 2017 1 hour 30 minutes No Additional Materials are required. This can occur more so when a wave cut notch is created at the foot of the cliff by wave action, causing the overhanging rock to be unsupported and more likely to fall. Discordant coastlines form where geology alternates between bands of hard and soft rock (see image below). Describe and explain how rock type and structure may influence cliff profiles. Explain the factors and processes that have led to their development. The weight of the saturated clay causes the material to slump along the slip plane. Cliff Profiles refer to how the bedding planes align with the coastline. Standing a safe distance from the cliff, measure distance (A) using a tape measure. Some limitation of relevant factors in the second part but essential coverage at the higher end of this level. Others say the highest cliff in the world is the east face of Great Trango, in the Karakoram mountain range, which is 1,340 meters (4,396 feet) tall and one of the … The angular blockfall debris accumulates at the cliff foot to form a talus scree slope, a fan shaped mound of material. Conversely, bedding planes that tilt upwards (C) have a cliff profile similar to the angle of tilt. they have a convex profile (convex = curved like the interior of a circle), because sub-aerial processes (weathering, mass movement and surface run-off erosion) slowly move sediment downslope, but marine erosion is unable to remove it from base, produced where there is little active marine erosion. Soil creep. In the most simplistic of examples, the bedding planes will be perfectly horizontal, thus perpendicular to the sea. Reduces friction between grains in unconsolidated material. See image below for an example of a low cliff … If the rock is at the top of a steep cliff face, it can fall directly to the shore. 1.1 The coast, and wider littoral zone, has distinctive features and landscapes. [7–11] Level 1 Other profiles, like (B) can be very vulnerable to erosion. Headlands and baysmost commonly form along discordant coastlines. In Geography, the erosion of headlands in developing the sequence of cave to stumps is well developed, but how is it extended at the Post 16 level. a vertical, near vertical or sloping wall of rock or sediment that borders the sea. When overlying rock is removed, underlying strata expand and stretch, creating unloading joints parallel to the surface. Steepness of the wave. ; Undercutting of cliffs by the creation of wave-cut notches can lead to large falls and talus scree slopes at their base. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. (A berm is a ridge of material across the beach) This results in the formation of headlands and bays. Sedimentary rocks structure as layers of kept dregs, either on the beds of old seas or waterways. The steepest cliffs tend to form in rocks that have horizontal or vertical strata. Key idea 2B.3 Rates of coastal recession and stability depend on This is due to the frequent mass movements that occur when the base of the cliff is eroded by wave action. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Record the grid reference and direction. Rocks tend to form in layers of different rock types known as Landscape Systems Enquiry question 1: Why are coastal landscapes different and what processes cause these differences? Water accumulates in the permeable layer, producing a saturated layer where the pores are full of water. A cliff profile is a cross section of the cliff from mean low water mark to the top of the cliff. The Holderness Coast is one of Europe’s fastest eroding coastlines. they have a convex profile (convex = curved like the interior of a circle) carboniferous limestone). There are two main types of cliff profile: Steep, unvegetated cliffs produced where marine erosion dominates; there is little or no debris at the base because it is broken up by attrition and transported offshore or along the coast. Leads to slumping in unconsolidated material and sliding in consolidated strata - producing a complex cliff profile. The lower part of the chalk cliffs is relatively easily eroded and regular collapse of the well-jointed rocks keeps the steep profile. • Answer all questions in Section A and Section C. • Answer either Question 2 or Question 3 in Section B. Rates of erosion will be slow as the cliff is supported by deeper running strata. [15] Tides are long-period waves that appear to move through the oceans due to the gravitational forces exerted by the moon and sun. A spring will form on the cliff face at the top of the saturated layer. There isn’t a great deal of complexity in understanding and explaining how the features develop over time but clear exemplification is required as well as a clear sequence. Steep cliffs are formed where the land consists of hard, more resistant, rocks, their height obviously being determined by the difference between the sea level and the level of the land. A distance of around 10 meters may be appropriate, but this depends on the size of the beach Use a clinometer towards the top of the cliff to measure angle (B) The height of the cliff is calculated as follows: Slumps happen because of a number of factors. [10] (b) Explain why beaches and coastal sand dunes are fragile and changeable coastal landforms. The cliff profile will have a significant impact on the rates of erosion. [12–15] Level 2 Sound knowledge and understanding but less comprehensive or accurate in some of the detail. A cardboard frame may be useful if the view i… 3 (a) With the aid of diagrams, describe three types of cliff profile (cross section form). A beach sediment profile is the pattern of distribution of different sized or shaped deposited material. They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. This then creates a slip plane. Erosion at Coastal Cliffs with horizontal bedding planes (Drawing: Natasha Driscoll) Cliffs with horizontal bedding planes would see weaknesses in the bedding … To the left of the line is an area that has experienced sliding in the last few days, the eroded section at the top of the cliff and the deposited debris at the base. The littoral zone consists of backshore, nearshore and offshore zones, includes a wide variety of coastal types and is a dynamic zone of rapid change. Coastal environments - A level Geography 1. Coasts are dynamic environments with processes such as erosion, transportation and deposition creating characteristic landforms. In sedimentary rocks, joints form when rock is subject to compression or stretching by tectonic forces or weight of overlying rock. Understand the role of subaerial weathering processes and mass movement in the formation of cliff profiles. The Rupal Flank rises 4,600 meters (15,092 feet) above its base. The cliffs vary in height, steepness and shape according to the geology of the area. The distance and angle information for each facet of the cliff can be plotted by hand. What impact will projected forecasts of more extreme weather events and rising sea level have on existing coastal management schemes. Chalk rocks tend to form vertical cliffs sometimes of great height (up to 50 metres). Depth of sea, fetch, aspect. To compare beaches or coastlines in different locations Bedding planes layers of silt that speak to surfaces of introduction that happened between depositional occasions. water percolating comes into contact with a large surface area that can be chemically weathered. Answer the questions in the spaces provided •– there may be more space than you need. boulder clay). Create your own unique website with customizable templates. To survey the shape (morphology) of a beach. Where the coasts has the same type of rock alo… It takes thousands of years for the cliffs profile to form from complex processes, there are many complicated processes taking place on coasts that affect the profile of a cliff. Cliff Profiles: Horizontal Bedding Planes. Hard rocks erode and weather slowly, and the less fractured the rock is, … Technique one: Beach profiles. these are rocks containing voids called pores, for example chalk and poorly cemented sandstones, they have numerous joints (e.g. Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. Constructive waves alter beach morphology by causing net movement of sediment up the beach, steeping the beach profile. Again, supported with images. Geography A Level Handbook 2020/2021 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Geography (9GEO) Ormiston Victory Academy Geography Department. As the stream flows down the cliff, fluvial erosion (surface run off erosion( will attack the saturated permeable bed and lower impermeable stratum, reducing the angle of the cliff profile. Most scientists and mountaineers think the Rupal Flank of Nanga Parbat, a mountain in the Himalayas, is the highest cliff in the world. Amount of beach material - (a wide beach protects a cliff more than an arrow beach). Shallow-angled, vegetated cliffs. Rainwater infiltrates the cliff through unconsolidated, porous material (e.g. Soil creep is a process operating at the granular scale. The average annual rate of erosion is Geography is the study of the shape and features of the Earth's surface, including countries, vegetation, climates and how humans use the world's resources. Sedimentary rocks form as layers of deposited sediment, either on the beds of ancient oceans or rivers. Saturation promotes mass movement through lubrication and by adding weight. Then goes on to look at cliff profiles - I have got students to do this from the book (I'm using the Hodder Edexcel A Level Geography Third Edition book). Why do coastal landscapes vary? When these cliffs are undermined by wave action, retreat parallel to themselves and maintain their steep profiles as they do so. Sliding occurs when a section of cliff moves downwards AND forwards in a straight line. The cliff profile will significantly affect the paces of erosion. ... and also on the formation of cliff profiles and the occurrence of micro-features, e.g. Mass movement creates distinctive landforms (rotational scars, talus scree slopes, terraced cliff profiles) Blockfall . Aims. (Landward dipping strata also forms steep cliffs because eroded and weathered rock particles are not easily dislodged from the cliff face) Has a practice exam question at the end (6 marker). Coastal environments are vulnerable to erosion, flooding and sea Considering the possible implications of climate change and sea level rise. Cliff profiles owe their form to the geology (Lithology and structure), sub-aerial processes and wave energy along a given stretch of coastline. They produce berms at the point where the swash reaches the high tide line. The y-axis is often exaggerated on a beach profile. Evaluate methods of achieving sustainable management of dunes and beaches. In general, cliffs increase in height over time as the coast is eroded back. Their apparent movement towards the coast creates a … Cliff profiles should be in all A-Level books so can be easily adapted depending on the book you have. Geological structure influences the development of coastal landscapes at a variety of scales. Find a comfortable and safe view point to sit down and draw. In the photograph the bedding naturally slopes toward the camera along the path indicated by the red line. Pore water pressure in the saturated layer pushes rock particles apart. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, • centre number and candidate number. Joints Joints are fractures in rocks created without displacement. The point at which the wave breaks - (if at the foot of a cliff, the cliff is subject to maximum energy and most erosion). weathering profiles develop and the form of the basal surface. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology, especially the resistance (to erosion) of the rock, and the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. The aim of field sketching is to produce a drawing which could be used by someone else as a guide to a landscape that they had never seen. • Calculators may be used. In igneous rocks, cooling joints form when magma contracts as it looses heat. Micro-features are small-scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. caves. • Lithology (Rock Type): Hard rocks (granite + basalt) give rugged landscapes such as Giants Causeway in N. Ireland, whereas Soft Rocks (sands + gravels) give low … 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. there is little or no debris at the base because it is broken up by attrition and transported offshore or along the coast. As soft rock, such as glacial till, is more susceptible to erosion it erodes more rapidly than more resistant rock such as chalk. Clays, mudstones, and most igneous and metamorphic rocks are impermeable.
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